5　Jeffrey C. Goldfarb, Beyond Glasnost: The Post-Totalitarian Mind (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989), 37.

6　Gy?rgy Lukács, "Contemporary Problems of Marxist Philosophy", in From Stalinism to Pluralism: A Documentary History of Eastern Europe, ed. Gale Stokes (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 92.

7　Milovan Djilas, excerpts from "The New Class", in From Stalinism to Pluralism, ed. Gale Stokes (New York: Praeger, 1967), 105.

8　Zden?k Mlyná?, "Towards a Democratic Political Organization of Society", in From Stalinism to Pluralism, ed. Gale Stokes, 124-25.

9　Adam Michnik, "The New Evolutionism", in Letters from Freedom: Post-Cold War Realities and Perspectives, ed. Irena Grudzinska Gross (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990); Václav Benda et al., "Parallel Polis, or an Independent Society in Central and Eastern Europe: An Inquiry", Social Research 55, no. 1/2 (1988): 211-46.

10　Stanislaw Baranczak, Breathing under Water and Other East European Essays (Cambridge, Mass.:Harvard University Press, 1990); Miklos Haraszti, The Velvet Prison (New York: New Republic Books, 1987); Gy?rgy Konrád, Antipolitics (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1984); Gy?rgy Konrád and Iván Szelény, The Intellectuals on the Road to Class Power (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1979); Leszek Kolakowski, "The Escapist Conspiracy", in Toward a Marxist Humanism: Essays on the Left Today (New York: Grove Press, 1968).

11;12;13;14;15　Václav Havel, "The Power of the Powerless", in Václav Havel or Living in Truth, ed. Jan Vladislav (London: Faber and Faber, 1986), 94; 88-89; 41; 45; 62.

16　Milan Kundera, The Farewell Party (London: Penguin Books, 1977), 68-69.

17　Milan Kundera, The Unbearable Lightness of Being (New York: Harper & Row, 1984), 254.